See also:

• Computers: Emulators  (443)
• Recreation: Collecting: Computers  (105)
• Society: History: By Topic: Science: Engineering and Technology  (161)

The Association for History and Computing  odur.let.rug.nl/ahc An international organization which aims to promote and develop interest in the use of computers in all types of historical study at every level, in both teaching and research.

Charles Babbage Institute (CBI)  www.cbi.umn.edu A research center at the University of Minnesota dedicated to promoting the study and preservation of the history of computing and information processing.

Chronology of Personal Computers  www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/comphist Timeline of microcomputers from the development of the microprocessor in the 1960s through to the present day. Includes hardware, software, peripherals, companies, and individuals.

Computer History  www.computernostalgia.net Articles and photos on many topics; user submitted content with Wiki-style editing for registered users; photo gallery, forum, feedback.

Computer History Association of California  www.chac.org Non-profit corporation, safeguards and organizes the history of electronic computing, internationally, nationally, and in California. They collect and archive hardware, software, and documents.

Computer History Images  www.crowl.org/Lawrence/history Pictures of many of the pioneering computers.

Computer History Museum  computerhistory.org Focuses exclusively on the history of computing. Located in Mountain View, California. Search the collection, illustrated timeline, online exhibits and select images from the collection, "This Day in History," curator's choice, and the Hall of Fellows (awards for contributions to computing).

Computer Industry History  www.elsop.com/wrc/h_comput.htm A list of links to the best computer industry history resources that can currently be found on the Net.

Computers in the Computer age  www.mcevansw.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk A look at the progression in computer technology throughout the ages.

• Computers, Videogames and Arcade Collector's Ring

  History of Computers  www.hitmill.com/computers/computerhx1.html A directory of sites about the history of computers arranged categorically and with specific topic and general topic sections.

  The History of Computing  ei.cs.vt.edu/~history Detailed information including early pioneers and companies, archives, languages, and networking from the Department of Computer Science at Virginia Tech.

  The History of Computing Project  www.thocp.net Offers a detailed timeline on the history of computer. Sections include hardware, software, pioneers and references.

  The History of Computing Science: From the Past to the Present  lecture.eingang.org Lecture presented by Michelle A. Hoyle explaining how computers and computing science arose from using sticks with notches for counting, to the massive explosion of personal computers in the 1980s.

  Jargon File Resources  catb.org/~esr/jargon The Jargon File (AKA, _The New Hacker's Dictionary_) is an essential repository of computer historical information.

  The Modern History of Computing  plato.stanford.edu/entries/computing-history Historical survey from Babbage onward; by B. Jack Copeland from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

  Museum of the USSR Computers History  www.bashedu.ru/konkurs/tarhov/english/index_e.htm A virtual museum containing historical information on computers and computer facilities in the USSR. Includes descriptions of computers, their characteristics, pictures, and personalities.

  National Archive for the History of Computing  www.chstm.manchester.ac.uk/research/nahc Houses the UK's most important collection of documents relating to the history of computing, and encourages interest and study in the history of computing more generally.

  The Obsolete Technology Website  oldcomputers.net Pictures, documents, and advertisements of classic computers from the 1970's and 1980's.

  PC History  pc-history.org This site is under construction but has some nice pictures of some pre-IBM machines.

  Punched Cards  www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/cards/index.html Covers the earliest ways of encoding data up to the cards used in voting systems today.

  Reflections of a ModemJunkie  www.lgrossman.com/mjnk Writings on computers, the early online world, and the Internet, dating from 1992 to 2000.

  Silicon Valley to Internet Valley  netvalley.com/introduction.html In San Francisco Bay Area; background, history, future: trends, forecasts.

  Tools For Thought  www.rheingold.com/texts/tft by Howard Rheingold. Online copy of well known 1985 book on the invention of computing; includes Babbage, Turing, von Neumann, Engelbart, PARC, Kay, and Atari.

  Tools for Thought: The History and Future of Mind-Expanding Technology  mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=3784 New updated edition from MIT Press, with new interviews of historic characters.

  Triumph of the Nerds  www.pbs.org/nerds Biographies, an interactive game, and a questions and answers forum trace the birth of the personal computer at this PBS companion site.